Why do human muscle and bone cells differ in function and structure?

Human muscle and bone cells exhibit distinct functions and structures primarily because different genes are switched on or off in these cells. Although both muscle and bone cells originate from the same genetic material, the process of gene expression determines the specific characteristics and roles each cell type will take on.

In the case of muscle cells, certain genes that code for proteins involved in contraction (such as actin and myosin) are activated, leading to the formation of muscle tissue that can contract and facilitate movement. Conversely, in bone cells, genes that promote the synthesis of proteins important for bone strength and structure (like collagen and osteocalcin) are expressed, producing a rigid and supportive framework.

This selective activation of specific genes is a crucial aspect of cellular differentiation, allowing for specialization of cells within different tissues to fulfill their unique roles in the body. The proteins produced as a result of these activated genes ultimately shape the cells' structural and functional identities.